Arch Communications Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arch Communications Group - Essay Example As the research declares still consider Arch to be a sound buy. One of these analysts is John Adams, at Wessels, Arnold & Henderson, who believes that Arch’s stocks are undervalued. In his analysis, using EBITDA, Adams concludes that the company’s stocks are still a profitable investment because of its impressive historical growth. This implores investors to ask if Arch’s stocks were undervalued. In Adams’ valuation estimates, where he presents a ten-year horizon long estimate of Arch’s cash flow until the year 2005, this seems to be the case. This paper explores that EBITDA trends of the top paging companies highlights Arch as having one of the highest EBITDA margins in 1995 – a staggering 37% similar with Pagenet, the largest paging company in the country. Arch was also presented to have the highest growth rates in the industry at a 273% subscriber growth rate, 224% revenue growth rate, and 303% EBITDA growth rate, all of which are significantly higher than its competitors. Its Enterprise Value / EBITDA ratio is also the second highest at 18.9, second only to MobileComm, at 27.8 in 1995, and its Enterprise Value / Subscriber ratio is projected to be the highest in 1996 at $422, significantly higher than the average ratio, which is at $326. Based on these values, one can see a clear picture of Arch’s position vis-Ã  -vis its competitors in the industry. By using EBITDA margins to draw comparable conclusions regarding Arch’s value against competing companies in the industry, it failed to consider seve ral factors.

Theatre Model Essay Example for Free

Theatre Model Essay Theatre Royale is a theatre in the suburbs of London. A show is performed on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays nights and on the other days the theatre is closed although on some days I go in to check the email and the post to see if anyone has inquiries. The problem is that far too much time is spent on calculating the income made by the theatre by hand because all the sums are laborious and take a long time to work out by hand or even with a calculator so a computer is needed because it could save lots of time because tedious sums can be saved as a formula and used again and again. This model will be very useful to Theatre Royale because it will enable me to manage and calculate my income (profit or loss) easily, quickly and effectively, as I will explain. On a computer after checking that all my formulas are correct once I can save the correct formulas so there will be a very small chance that any of my figures and end results will be incorrect whereas doing it by hand I had to check if my figures were correct every time I worked out any sum if I wanted to stop mistakes occurring. So an advantage is that a computer cuts down the amount of mistakes happening in a much shorter time. Also on a computer my data will be clear, important data can be highlighted and any corrections I make wont be seen, whereas when I used to work out the figures on paper it was very messy with crossings out. It was unclear what I was trying to do, to anyone else who looked at the paper. So another advantage is it will be much clearer and easier to read. All these advantages also cont ribute to saving time. So before lots of time was being wasted (time is money) which could have been used to help the theatre in other aspects and therefore produce more money by having more time. So this model will be cost effective. Also using a model I can see if I changed a variable or input how would it affect my overall income. For example What if I paid the cleaners less? or What if I raised the prices of tickets? how would these affect my overall income. So using a computer will: Save lots of time Stop most mistakes occurring Make it clear and easy to read and use Be Cost effective Enable me to see if I changed a variable or input how it would affect my overall income The people who will use this model would be me (the manager) and any other employee who I ask to enter some data or check a figure. This means that even though some of my employees will have knowledge of computers some wont have a lot of experience in using computers so it must be easy to use. I will combat this problem in the analysis. Analysis Research Before beginning this project I did some research. I contacted the Milfield Theatre by e-mail address asking for information on different types of tickets and the ticket prices. They sent me back some useful information on ticket prices, which I will use in my project: Adults Concessions* Performance on Friday 12.00 10.00 Performances on Saturday and Sunday 13.50 11.50 * Concessions include children under 16, senior citizens and NUS students. They also gave me their telephone number (020 8803 5283). I also visited their Website address (http://www.millfieldtheatre.co.uk/) Their Website was very good. It was very well presented. It was colourful and titles were big and bold. There were pictures separating text or in spaces and watermarks. Maybe I could use a picture or watermark of a theatre or two masks in my model, just to keep the users mind focused and interested but still keeps it on the same theme. Also the Website was simple and clear. It kept me interested and it wasnt hard to follow. These are all things I will need to use to make my model clear, concise and interesting to the user. Users The people who would use this model are the manager and any other employee who works in the theatre. This means that even though some of the employees will have a good knowledge of how to use computers some of them wont have a lot of experience in using computers so it must be easy to use. For example they must know exactly where to put their data so some cells could be highlighted to make it easier to see. Also I will protect important formula so people wont accidentally change any of them and ruin the calculations. Prototype My model will start off with the different inputs, which will be the fixed costs and variable costs from like paying the cleaners, the actors, refreshment and the income from tickets and different refreshments. The total costs will then be worked out and so will the total income. The total costs will then be subtracted from the total income to see if I have made a profit or if I have made a loss. This will be used as a template on three sheets one for Friday, one for Saturday and one for Sunday. On a fourth sheet I will have a summary of the week with all the totals of different variables for example total number of tickets sold for the whole week. Also listed here will be the profit/loss for the whole week. The model will be reusable by using named cell addresses, which means that instead of writing the cell name e.g. B3 you can lust write a name. Data Validation will be used on some of the input cells to stop incorrect data being written and also the message inside the comment box must be descriptive but concise. Functions and Formulas These are the processes in the model and they use the inputs to produce the outputs. I will use different functions in the formula for my model. For example I will use the SUM function to work out the total costs and to work out the total income for the separate days and the totals for the Summary Sheet (sheet 4) and the IF function will also be used to produce in designated cells either PROFIT, if the total costs are less than the income, or LOSS, if the total costs are more than the total income. This is an example of one of the outputs. This is one reason why I will use Microsoft Excel because it has these different functions and formulas on it whereas on other pieces of software like Microsoft Word these cant be used. I will also use macros as a way of jumping from one sheet to another by having buttons at the bottom of each sheet saying for example Go to Summary sheet or Go to Friday sheet. Visual Basic Editor will be used to make the macros. This will make navigating the model very easy for people who dont have a good idea of how to get to different sheets. Objectives Based on my research above, my solution for the theatre model will have to meet the following criteria: It must be well presented and must keep the users interest: 1) Must be colourful 2) Titles must be big and bold 3) Pictures and watermarks relating to the theme of a theatre 4) Tables must be clearly outlined so it can be clearly seen which piece of data goes with which table. 5) It should be spaced out and not squeezed together so it is clear for the user The formulae must be protected to avoid any of them being accidentally being changed. Cells, which are important, should be highlighted to bring attention to them. The model must be reusable named cell addresses can be used to give cells a name so instead of writing the cell name you can write the name. The model must calculate the total costs for the different days. The model must calculate the total income for the different days. The model must calculate the profit/loss for a single day by subtracting the costs form the income. The model must calculate the cumulative profit/loss for the day and the previous days. The model must either produce the word PROFIT or LOSS in designated cells using the IF function, whether a profit or a loss is made. A user must be able to navigate and go around the model with ease so macros should be used because they can link the different sheets with buttons. The model should not pose any health risks, whether it is radiation or making an employee strain his/hers eyes therefore causing headaches. Data validation will be used on input boxes such as tickets sold. Also the message inside the comment box should be clear, descriptive but concise. Different sheets should be labelled so people know what is on the different sheets. Backing up (saving) the information stored must be possible to avoid data loss if the system of hardware fails or in the event of a security breach. The model must be able to show how a change in one or more inputs will affect the overall income. For example if I raised concession ticket prices but lowered ice cream prices how would this affect my income?

The Discipline Of Human Geography

The Discipline Of Human Geography Geographical knowledge has a long history in human development. Throughout the history of geography, it mostly involved developing knowledge of the physical features of the world but this history is itself a kind of presentation of human history. In the 19th Century, geography became formally regarded as a discipline, and human geography became established as an essential branch of the natural science; it refers to both geographical information and human activities, i.e. it includes both human geography and physical geography (Johnston, 2000). This essay firstly discusses the meaning of the discipline human geography. Following this, it describes how human geography relates to development. Subsequently, it assesses the key themes/issues relevant to development as explored by scholars, and studies the research techniques used by researchers in this discipline. Finally, it gives an example of a published piece of work stating how it is relevant to our understanding of contemporary deve lopment. 1 The discipline of human geography Geography can be divided into two major parts: physical and human. Both are branches of natural science, which encompass the study of the living world. Physical geography mainly deals with the processes of the atmosphere, biosphere and ecosphere, whereas human geography studies people, culture, population distributions, the urban environment, etc. It studies many cultural aspects and how they relate to their environment as well as why people migrate and how this impacts on their culture. Human geography is special in that the findings of the study of human geography may vary over time. 2 Human geography and development Marston et al. (2005) referred to human geography as incorporating several sub-disciplines, such as globalization, urbanization, the environment and migration. These are interrelated as the condition of one of these can be reflected in the development of another. Human geography discusses the profound interaction of cultural, environmental and social evolution, and considers the views that societies adopt in addressing these issues (Robinson, 2006). Thus, the core of human geography engages directly with change and development, but can be extended to deal with the economic, social, institutional and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Development can present diverse patterns, each with its own characteristics, as the different aspects of development, i.e. culture, economy and politics vary all the time. We can consider all these changing patterns as the results of development. The factors in development interact with each other, and change in one field can affect another or lead to changes elsewhere. Development transforms peoples lives, and as a result, development gradually alters human geography, particularly the aspects of human lifestyle, the political environment, the economic situation and even nature. Thus, the human geography of a place is its phylogeny, and that is how human geography relates to development. 3 Key themes/issues relevant to development Human geography is an incomplete discipline without considering development, to which there are various branches, such as culture, economics, politics, health and history. However, we will discuss these aspects under the headings generally adopted by researchers, as below. 3.1 Culture Culture is the norms and practices of people in particular places, and it encompasses language. It also reflects the region of settlement and other phenomena that may change or remain consistent. The first traces of the study of various cultures in different regions appeared in early 20th Century. At that time, the study of culture study was considered as an alternative to environmental determinism, which argued that human beings and societies are determined by their environment. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially (Jordan-Bychkov, et al 1994). Culture is a profound condition and is related to a region, and it has a significant impact on regional development. On the other hand, development can greatly affect cultural norms. The interaction of culture and development is just one aspect of human geography. 3.2 History History is the study of a wide variety of topics, including physical, theoretical, human, fictional and real geographies as well as the past. Historical geography mainly discusses how a place or region changes through time, how people interact with their environment and how the cultural landscape is created. In essence, human history is the phylogeny of people, while human geography is the study development. 3.3 Globalization Globalization is the process of worldwide integration derived from the interplay of world views, products, ideas and aspects of culture. It reveals the interchange of social and cultural forces, including economics, politics and religion. The Economics, politics and religion play an important role in the development of a region. (Al-Rodhan, R.F. Nayef and GÃ ©rard Stoudmann. 2006) Furthermore, the regional conditions of these factors are products of development. Advances in telecommunications, transportation and Internet business are key factors of globalization, and so development involves, in particular, industrial progress and national or international trade, and studying the close relationship between the environment, the economy and real estate. Trade is the exchange goods and services, and the ensuing economic development can improve the standard or quality of life; real estate is a reflection of the extent of urbanization. Therefore, only with all these developmental aspects can globalization become realized. 3.4 Migration Migration is the movement of people from one region or country to another, where they are not locals but settle there. Economic migrants generally seek better education, job opportunities, life conditions and so on; the status of development in the home nation/region is the most crucial factor in immigration. Political migrants generally seek freedom from oppression. Some migration is based on other, more personal reasons, and may be the product of culture and tradition. Immigrants can bring new changes and such interplay or intercommunication partly contributes to the evolution of human geography. 3.5 Urbanization Urbanization is the development of cities, and many rural migrants concentrate in cities, resulting in the physical growth of the urban environment. The structure and experiences of the urban landscape are crucial to human geography. Urbanization is closely linked to modernisation, industrialisation and the sociological process of rationalisation. During the process of development, cities and towns grow, and urban population around the world have been soaring. Urbanization is not just a social phenomenon; rather, it is a historic reform of human behaviour on a worldwide scale. The rapid growth of some big cities, such as Chicago in the 19th Century and Tokyo in the 20th Century, is largely the result of rural-urban migration; it is commonplace in developing countries. People living in cities can take advantage of diversity, proximity and competition in the marketplace. With all these factors, the urban environment can develop rapidly. 3.6 Environment Environment is a subfield of human geography and a reflection of development. Specifically, transformation of the environment is a result of physical and biological factors caused by the interactions of culture, customs, politics, industry and other aspects, i.e. development. Being part of human geography, the environment changes during the development process, and these changes also affect human geography. 4 Research techniques used in human geography 4.1 Social surveys Social survey is a crucial method in obtaining human geography information. The object of the study of human geography is to comprehend the social environment, and in this, social investigation is key to understand the cultural landscape and social phenomena clearly, scholars use social investigation as a means of collecting information and opinions relating to particular social events or trends. To garner the views and thoughts of people, researchers can conduct surveys among the target population. Social surveys also entail consulting historical data or other materials to develop a picture of change, and thus, through social investigation, we can understand both the past and present ages better. 4.2 Document collection Documents represent a priceless treasure of human history and geography, and can reveal the experiences and the scientific and technological achievements of ourselves and our predecessors. Current documents can be classified as paper and non-paper materials. Paper materials often refer to books, journals, reports and other data sources, from which people can gain knowledge of human geography. Non-paper materials mean the Internet, where researchers can access knowledge mostly relating to the present era. Searching on-line libraries or particular website-based information resources can assist in gathering a great deal of information quickly. With the development of science and technology, the means of document collection will become more diversified. 4.3 Exploiting data sources Our predecessors left much precious information about human geography. We contemporary people can gather these materials together, assess them, compare them and draw conclusions from them. As a result, we can learn of the development of human geography. Examining historical data can help us understand the differing features of human geography in different regions. Through assessing the differences between historical and current data, researchers can determine how people, culture, economics, politics and other factors have varied over time, i.e. what changes have occurred in a location, what kinds of inhabitants have ever lived there and what traditions they had and have. All the information can be found through careful organization and collation of the data. These methods are different from but complementary to surveys and document collection, but involve a great deal of effort in handling the data. 4.4 Spatial analysis Spatial analysis can be used in complex cases, and involves defining the varying spatial locations of the entities being studied. Applied to human geography, spatial data analysis can reveal population distribution patterns, the densities of structures at the human scale and spatial population dynamics. The characteristics of these issues are constantly changing in line with human development. Scholars often establish models by using spatial data to analyse the factors that impact on population distribution, etc. Spatial analysis contributes to assisting a deeper comprehension of the features of human geography, taking a spatial overview of the dynamics of population structures resulting from development. 4.5 Interviews Interviewing stems from the desire to know more about the people around us and to better understand how the people around us view the world we live in.(Seidman,1998) Thus, interviewing is most effective when the goal of the given research is to gain insight into the subjective understanding of those around us. In the past, it was uncommon to use interview as a method to study human geography. Gradually, researchers realized the importance of peoples social background, education, cultural and traditional norms in decision-making. Only through interviewing special groups of people can researchers identify the factors that influence behaviour. In underdeveloped regions, people there may not be literate, and so interview is the best method for obtaining first-hand materials to study their history and culture. Not only can researchers learn about specific events in development, they can also gain insight into peoples interior experiences, specifically how people perceive their world and h ow they interpret their perceptions, and how events are affected by their thoughts and feelings. In this, researchers can understand the process of an event instead of what just happened and how the subjects reacted to it. 5 One example illustrating how human geography is relevant to development An article entitled Progress in Human Geography by (Radcliffe 2004) discusses the evolution of human geography, and argues that global networks and human rights are related to this discipline because it is now clear that these two factors have a great impact on national development. This is just one example of many, telling us that the development of one country is inextricably linked to human geography. Conclusion Human geography is a representation of economic, political and historical development, and it examines the interplay between people and the built, rather than the natural, environment (although environmental impacts are considered). The interaction of a wide variety of factors drives human history to move on, as people seek to improve their lives and raise their living standards. A multitude of changes have occurred and will continue to occur as human behaviour changes, resulting complex contemporary societies in which cultures and identities are transformed. Thus human geography is the study of the change, formation and transformation of people and nations over time, or the taking of snapshots of particular human events, behaviours or activities.

Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide -- Euthanasia Physician Assisted S

Assisted Suicide/Euthanasia      Ã‚   Remarkably, few have noticed that frail, elderly and terminally ill people oppose assisted suicide more than other Americans. The assisted-suicide agenda is moving forward chiefly with vocal support from the young, the able-bodied and the affluent, who may even think that their parents and grandparents share their enthusiasm. They are wrong.    Thus the assisted suicide agenda appears as a victory not for freedom, but for discrimination. At its heart lie demeaning attitudes and prejudices about the value of life with an illness or disability. All who believe in the dignity of human beings should reject such attitudes.    When people raise their voices against this injustice, let no one say that they are "imposing" their values on others. Opponents of euthanasia are standing with those who are vulnerable and marginalized, those who often lack a voice in our nation's policies and are at serious risk of having some demeaning and lethal "values" imposed on them from the outside. Moreover, it is a source of pride that some are "inside" this issue as few others are. Christian hospitals, hospices and nursing homes, as well as Christian physicians, nurses, chaplains and others who work in secular institutions, are on the front lines in providing compassionate care for suffering patients. They know, as we do, that the humane approach to dying patients is to eliminate their physical suffering and other problems, not to eliminate the patient. They know, as Pope John Paul II has said, that "true 'compassion' leads to sharing another's pain; it does not kill the person whose suffering we cannot bear" [The Gospel of Life, 66].    Christian conferences file briefs in pending Supreme Cou... ... "Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public." 347 The Lancet 1805 (June 29, 1996):1809   Humphry, Derek. "What's in a word?" Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization 1993, Table 1-A.   Koenig, Dr. Harold et al.. "Attitudes of Elderly Patients and their Families Toward Physician-Assisted Suicide." 156 Archives of Internal Medicine 2240 (Oct. 28, 1996)   Lee v. Oregon, 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 107 F.3d 1382 (9th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 328 (1997).   "Poll Shows More Would Support Law Using Gentler Language," TimeLines (Jan.-Feb. 1994):9   Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2262 n. 7 (1997. -- -- --. 117 S. Ct. at 2272, quoting United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 558. 1979.   Washington Post, April 4, 1996.

Advertising and Fashion Retailing Project Report

It is no longer a question of identifying your customers by age, geography or income, but looking into how and why they buy, based on their DOD, beliefs and the occasion. So far as in marketing field consumer buying is mainly based on either knowledge or perceived needs. When we had different surveys at different universities and colleges and in different gatherings related to fashion we came to know about that consumer comes across many genuine problems while purchasing different products and services(especially related to fashion products).It is important for a good marketing manager to have a sharp eye over these problems irrespective to the locality of retailing of your product. These can be classified as * Problem/Need Recognition * Information search Evaluation of different purchase options. * Purchase decision More over there are many other factors which have a great influence on buying habits of a customer. These are some common factors which ought to be in mind of those who want to enter in any pre-teen market. Next was to listen to the habits of those where we want to place our product.Near FIFO mark, we felt the smell of both the middle class and elite class. Also it is great opportunity to enter into a market where your regular customers come to buy product forebear by shops. So you need to make your market from scratch because some of the marketing home is already done by your competitors. It's a common belief that nomenclature's INFLUENCES his/her behavior the most. Obviously this culture helps them developing these opinions, attitudes and beliefs. These factors will influence their purchase behavior.However other factors like groups of friends, or people they look up to may influence their choices of purchasing a particular product or service. Marketing and advertising obviously influence consumers in trying to evoke them to purchase a particular product or service. People's social status will also impact their behavior. What is their role within society? Are they Actors? Doctors? Office worker? And mothers and fathers. The lifestyle of someone who earns 250000Rs would clearly be different from someone who earns 2500 RSI. Also celebrities have an influence on buying decision.So for the reason we have also requested SOFIA EMIR and NAOMI ANSI to come at our exhibition as a chief guest. Whether the person is extrovert (out going and spends on entertainment) or introvert (keeps to themselves and purchases via online or mail order) again has an impact on the types of purchases made. I would love to code here a theory of â€Å"ABRAHAM MASON'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS†. He suggests individuals aim to meet basic psychological needs of hunger and thirst. When this has been met they then move up to the next stage of the hierarchy. Hence, we have to reach to the level to Pakistani society and culture.So Mason's concept is useful for marketers as it can help them understand and develop consumer needs and wants. We are not unaware of t he fact as this directly point out the economic condition of PAKISTAN. We tried to not to make our products and services in access major for middle class. This is one of our marketing strategy as well as social responsibility. FASHION FORECASTING Fashion forecasting is a crucial and complex marketing strategy which requires a complete hold on marketing research. Fashion forecasting is the prediction of mood, behavior and buying habits of the consumer.ALLURE will be the future efficient indicator to forecast the direction in which fashion will move. Fashion forecasting will be our solid link to create a good market. We will look for prophetic as well as profitable styles and ideas that capture the mood of the times and signal a new fashion trend. We are well aware of the fact that if we need aloud on to fashion role s a pioneer and want to enhance its brand image, fashion has to continue to innovate. The task of fashion fore casting will be accomplished by the managers (owner of bout ique) as we are done with our complete study on fashion marketing.Forecasting of fashion is an initial step which is then understood, practiced and then applied. Forecasting the future demand for particular styles, fabrics and colors is an important aspect of the fashion industry. It's a common routine of textiles specialists that they work for two year ahead to determine general guidelines for each fashion season. This is because of when once some fashion is forecasted then it takes about 1-2 year of regular hard work to take the fashion from our mind to the practical market.Forecasting of fashion can be divided into two categories: * Short term fashion forecasting * Long term fashion forecasting For us as we are going to setup a preteen market we decided to work on short term forecasting. At a introduction stage of our boutique hireling so much labor and services for the purpose of forecasting of fashion won't be a great idea. As discussed earlier this Job will be done by us (owne rs). Later on we will subscribe to one or more arrives, whose Job will be to scan the market and report on the developments in color, textiles and style directions.Major trends in lifestyles, attitude and culture in particular music, sport, cinema and television are used to predict changing consumer demand. This process involves the following activities such as studying market conditions, noting the life style of the people, researching sales statistics, evaluating popular designer collections, surveying fashion publications, observing street fashions etc French companies based in Paris have traditionally dominated fashion forecasting. The point arises that why are we lacking behind and how are they leading us.Forecasting is more than Just attending runway shows and picking out potential trends that can be knocked off at lower prices (although that is part of it) but this is a wrong practice which is being followed by our so called fashion National designers. Instead they need to un derstand that it is a process that spans shifts in color and styles, changes in lifestyles and buying patterns. The keywords behind the successful fashion forecasting is good consumer research, color forecasting, textile development, range of shows (operating over the 16 months preceding counterbalancing Innovation, Cultural Indicators etc.Keeping a fact in the mind we have made a unique collection of . After the forecasting based on practical figures we hope that the collection we are going to present on exhibition will be a complete innovative collection among all boutiques. When we started our research on colors and upcoming styles it looked a little difficult but as soon as we got into it completely, things became clearer. Making decisions about expected favorable colors of next summer was crucial task. Different experimental shows, runways and large or small exhibitions we managed to do help us a lot in this matter.We came to know about the taste of people of segmented market a nd their positive and negative response about different outfit's colors and embellishments and all. By the grace of God most of the times people respond with great appreciation and thus we got our stray to achieve our goal. INCOME LEVEL Frequent losses are expected in the first few years of any operations due to initial investments and expenditures but once we are stabilized, this boutique will become a good source of income for us. Entry Barriers I . Large Indian and multinational companies hold around 65% of the market.

Mental health issues, only if you’re white. Professor Ramos Blog

Mental health issues, only if you’re white. In the article â€Å" Differences in Mental Health Outcomes among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics Following a Community Disaster.† A case study using 2,180 people was done in NYC after the 9/11 terrorist attack to see the effects of mental health issues regarding race and ethnic groups. This included a diverse range of gender, age (18+) and races including white, black, Dominican, Puerto Rican and other Hispanic groups. It was a year long study to look into if ethnic minority’s have poorer mental mental health realitive to whites. Taking a look into four major mental health issues, including post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD), depression, anxiety, along with general/ physical health. Also taking into consideration educational and marital status, income, immigration status, church attendance along with past health issues.   They found that minorities did not have a greater chance of having PTSD but would have more severe symptoms compared to the whites. Th ey also found that ethnic minorities were more likely to report negative life events but receive lower levels of social support for these instances than whites. Also finding that African Americans and Puerto Rican’s are twice as likely to meet criteria for panic attack’s than whites, African Americans are subjected to discriminalization and marginalization, this study shows that pherhaps this is why they are more vulnerable to panic attacks.   In the (2001 Noris, Perilla and Murphy) cases study using whites in Florida and Mexicans from Mexico and how they mentally respond to natural disasters like hurricans. They argue that Hispanics in general acknowledge their symptoms as personal shortcomings and failing. However there is little support to show that Latinos and African Americans suffer worse mental health than whites especially following tramatic events. Dissusion question If no one ethnic group is more prone to mental health disorders, then why it it more socially and culturally acceptable for whites to express these health concerns more easily than minorities. How can we make minorities feel safe to express their mental health issues.