Sociology Science Essays - Human Behavior, Biology, Gender, Intersex

Sociology Science II) Sociology is the study of social behavior, which means it describes and explains society, or the rules of the group. Social behavior is any behavior that has been, or is being, conditions to any degree by interaction with others. When you read this definition you begin to understand the complexity of sociology. We deal with sociology every day of our lives, since we are always doing or interacting with someone or something. There are six essential categories of behavior that are used to study and understand social behavior. They are perception, emotions, thought and speech, physical motion, posturing and costuming. In today's world there are many social issues or rules that everyone follows or understands. The most important principle of social constraint is self perception. These are the prescriptions of behavior - when, where, and how to feel and act. Another way to put it is a system of rules we all follow in society. We depend on society to tell us who we are, what is importa nt, and what we should do about it. These are seen as our survival guide, and well-being of every member of the group. We learn each day what is accepted socially. What the social rules are and how they pertain to us as an individual. This is how we respond not to the environment or situation we are in, but how we were learned or trained by society to respond. Society being a set of beliefs on how to go about living. III) I deal with social issues everyday, from the clothes I choose to wear, to the car I am going to drive, to what career I will choose. I don't want to been seen in society as someone different, so I follow other leads in my daily decision, making sure what I choose is socially correct in my environment. We think that we are our own individual when the truth is we are not, from our social etiquette, to how we think, feel and act, we are what society makes us. This in part makes us feel secure, because if everyone else in society does it, then it is ok for us to do the same. What I perceive as right and wrong though is not always the way others will see it too. For example I may not feel the same others would about certain social issues such as gun laws, capital punishment or abortion. The kinds of groups we belong to help shape the person we become. There are many structures of sociology such as age, sex, race and religion. I make many decisions in the course of living every day, a nd I make these decisions within the context of society; our family, school, career and the larger world. Each day the social world guides my life choices. I also deal with society rules because of my gender. Being a women I am seen by many as only a child bearer, or someone who does not, or can not have a career, and sometime seen as incompetent. I need to prove to myself and others by trying to change how societies look at women by succeeding in where society says I can not succeed. I hope in taking this class, I will get a better understanding of Sociology, and that it will help make sense of my own experience in society. I hope to become better informed and more socially aware member of society. Sociology

Essay on Romance

Essay on Romance Essay on Romance Essay on RomanceWhat makes Romantic era classical music â€Å"romantic† and/or unique in its time?Romantic music is romantic and unique in its time frame because, in the context of profound changes in the field of science, politics and economy, Romantic music has shifted toward traditional values and eternal issues, such as love.How was Impressionist art â€Å"romantic† and/or unique in its time?Impressionist art was romantic in its time frame because it was attempting to challenge conventional norms and resist to the fast scientific, technological, political and economic progress by focusing on the inner world of artists and the audience, uncovering unseen but powerful themes and symbols in art.Name one Impressionist artist and describe how his paintings fit the Impressionist art movement.   Include the name of a specific painting if you want to focus on one, or describe the artist’s work in general.Claude Monet and his Impression, Soleil Levant (1872) is a s ample of the impressionist art. Vague forms, the silhouette of the man in a boat and the background resembling a port in an industrialized city. The industrialized background is contrasted to the beauty of the uprising sun, which is the reference to traditional but simple values, such as admiration with nature.Quote a line or two from Shakespeare’s Sonnet XVIII (#18).   Briefly explain how any one cultural or dictionary definition of romance applies to that line.Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate (Shakespeare 1-2)The poet manifests his love to his beloved through the metaphorical comparison to a summer’s day. The beloved of the narrator turns out to be the most beautiful one. She is even more beautiful than a summer day. Such idealization of the beloved is a distinct feature of romance.Quote a line or two from John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn.†Ã‚   Briefly explain how any one cultural or dictionary defin ition of romance applies to that line.A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5  Ã‚  Of deities or mortals, or of both,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?(Keats, 4-7)The romance can be clearly traced through the use of epithets, such as a flowery tale of sweetly rhyme, which give implications to some romantic relations the narrator is involved in.Quote a line or two of lyrics from one of your favorite songs (artistic or popular culture).   Briefly explain how any one cultural or dictionary definition of romance applies to that line.Who wants to live forever Forever is our today Who waits forever anyway? (Queen, Who Wants to Live Forever)The lyrics imply the internal love and questions whether such love is possible and admits that the narrator has found the eternal love.Part 2For this essay, use one of your favorite television shows (comedy or drama) that has a cultural romance them e involving passion, infatuation, or companion love.   Name the show and explain how it features cultural romance and types of romantic relationships.   Give the basic premise of the show and name major characters.   Most importantly, explain how the show compares to any of the works (movie, art, poetry, music, etc.) we have studied and discussed in this theme.What does the TV show say about romance, in a way that is similar to or different from the works we have discussed?   For example, how does a character in the show approach romance in a way similar to or distinctively different from the characters in Moonstruck?   How might characters in the show relate to the line of one of the poems we discussed?   You can use those works and/or others.Friends is the comedy TV show that focuses on the romantic relations, which are often on the border between friendship and love. The relationships of the main characters are different from those of Moonstruck because the main drive r of their relations is friendship, which steadily shifts to love, while the main driver of relations of the main characters of Moonstruck is love. In such a way, Friends is different from Moonstruck, where love is the main theme determining other complications in the film, while in case of Friends love is just a complication.We, as a society, tend to think of romance strictly in the cultural definition.   However, this theme shows that it also has dictionary definitions that are quite different from love and relationships.   What are those dictionary definitions?   Explain how the works (movie, art, etc.) that we have addressed in class express romance by any one or more of the dictionary definitions(s) that have little or nothing to do with love, love-hate, or relationships.   For example, how were the British Romantic poets and the Impressionist artists imaginative? How did Loretta in Moonstruck use exaggeration?Give very specific examples from the works you chose.   Yo u can choose one of the dictionary definitions or several, as long as you cover ones that are not about love, love-hate, or relationships.   Your thesis statement can summarize how the works you chose are romantic in ways that aren’t about the cultural definition of love, but other types of romance instead.Romance implies certain acts being done in relation to the beloved to manifest one’s love. At the same time, manifestations of romance may vary consistently. For instance, British Romantic poets manifested their love and feelings to their beloved through their poems, where they often used metaphoric and symbolic language to show that their beloved were the most beautiful, clever, admired and so on. Impressionists focused on the depiction of romantic episodes in their paintings referring to eternal and emotional issues, such as dawn, which implies awakening of one’s love, for example. Loretta in Moonstruck also tends to exaggeration in regard to her superstit ions, for example. Her love is so strong that she believes it is something supernatural and she needs to observe certain rituals not to lose her love.

Scenario Consider the cross cultural management implications for an Essay

Scenario Consider the cross cultural management implications for an organisation from your home country setting up a satellite operation in another country (of your choice) - Essay Example It is observed that cross-cultural management issues spring from a range of business contexts. Giving example of an individual firm, Clarke (2007, p.197) observed that the management team from a foreign parent company must seek to understand that the local workforce especially those from the host country, may require different organization structure and Human resource practices. This is essentially since it will ensure that the working personnel are not infringed on their rights as workers but are given ample room for expression. To this end, Deresky (2008, p. 47) noted that in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As), achieving the expected synergies regularly vary depending on the existent business structures and procedures that encompass both cultures in a more balanced way. Further, cross-cultural joint business ventures or alliances between two or more firms also demand a cultural compromise. This will ensure that the involved firms have a particular cultural orientation tha t emerges after sacrificial of the individual cultures (Fougà ¨re & Moulettes 2007, p. 12). This means therefore that the diversity of the workforce should be managed properly to ensure optimum productivity instead of leaving the differences show. Moreover, cultural sensitivity is also paramount especially if a firm needs to sell successfully to foreign consumers. In other words, it would be recommended for companies that sell to foreign customers to be culturally sensitive adaptations to various products, services, marketing and advertising (Magnusson et al., 2008, p. 191). Parboteeah et al. (2005, p. 91) observed that differences that exist in particular firm’s organization and decision making practices results directly from the geographical region in which it has evolved as well as the cultural background that it encompasses. This will demand an equal understanding of

How might the ideas of classical realists have been evident in the Essay

How might the ideas of classical realists have been evident in the design in the design of the United Nations,when compared to the predecessor,the League of Nations - Essay Example They view international institutions as powerful states, availing themselves to further state powers and egoistic self-interest. On the other hand, neo-realists scholars adapt similar perspectives on the issues relating to international institutions or regimes. For instance, Stephen Krasner explains the United State’s decision in creating multilateral institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank to help regulate classical realists’ decisions (Christine, 2009, p. 61). The United Nations prevents classical realists from relying entirely on unilateralism as one of the strategies to confer legitimacy. Additionally, United Nations strengthens the United States post war supremacy. Self-interest of powerful state may be in harmony with interests of other state. The power given to states makes other states to endorse international institutions despite generative joint cooperative benefits. Christine argues that, this leads to Pareto sub-optimal results in the stat es (Christine, 2009, p. 61). On the other hand, the League of Nations is an essential element in the teaching of international law and relations. Greater attention is paid on the teachings of Nations since the beginning and the end of world wars. Growing numbers of universities in Great Britain, America and the continent at large, are in need of studies relating to League of Nations (Charles, 2003, p. 17). More nations promote the study of Leagues in a wide scope to serve as textbooks. Besides, there is growing intelligence on the opinions of Nations Leagues. Majority of states wants elementary descriptions of Nations in a chronological records and achievements about the virtues of Nations. Classical realists and the League of Nations both tend to protect the developments in international law and institutions. The need of having powerful laws within a nation help to protect the nations states of politics and bring major developments in the ways of

Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Market Research - Essay Example One of the weaknesses of Macdonald which is experienced in the industry is the increasing concern on ethics. Offering mobile catering would capture the market potential for the increasing change in the socio-economic structure of the society in which some people may require services in funerals and weddings. This kind of data constitute oral interview as an aspect of primary data. It is evident that various events nowadays require caterers who offer mobile services within the event venue and this is the unexploited demand gap that has not been filled in this industry (Wiid & Diggines, 2009) . The target market in this case is the working class who is involved in employment and has little time to organize and provide local manpower to offer catering services in weddings and funerals. Critical evaluation of the three questions below can boost the progress of market research. It is important to underscore the aspect of competition in any market and catering industry is not exceptional. Survival in such a market would therefore require strategic planning in which mobile catering will have to contend with lest they are pushed out by the other firms in the . Mobile catering falls in catering and accommodation industry and has several competitors. Direct Sales Model is therefore critical as far as the success of the firm is concerned. Mobile catering requires face to face interaction with customers which is equally healthy in terms of determining the demand gap in the market (Wiid & Diggines,2009). This business model has been preferred in the industry as it promotes long term relationship between the firm and the clients. It is critical to note the significance of a sound Mission/ Vision Statement and Value Proposition in enhancing the chances of better performance of the

Factors Determining Work-Life Balance

Factors Determining Work-Life Balance The main objective of study was to know that what Factors determine the work life balance and what causes may be hurdle in work life balance practices in pharmaceutical sector in Pakistani culture. The questionnaire technique was used in conducting for this study. The results show that high rate of absenteeism cause work life unbalance and time management practice leads to work life balance activities. Furthermore, the study shows that demographic variables for employees play an important role for work life balance. Key Words: Work-life balance, Absenteeism, Time Management, Human Resource. Introduction Decenzo, Robbins Verhulst have written (2008) that Human Resource is the most important resource for organizations irrespective of; they are commercial or non-commercial organizations. This is because the organizations having a lot of buildings and latest equipment, cannot achieve their goals without well talented human resources. Nowadays in global perspective, organizations compete with each other. They try to get such advantages which cannot be attained and achieved easily by other organizations. In order to get some competitive advantages, they use different techniques and try to satisfy their employees. Eikhof, Warhurst Haunschild have studied (2007) that organizations need to maintain competent and satisfied workers to achieve their goals. Work Life Balance (WLB) plays important role in employees performance. In these days, it is considered as an important and hot Issue which is explained in meetings and conferences whether these are conducted by governments, practitioners and academic forums is work life balance. In order to get competitive advantages, the talented, well happy and satisfied employees are needed to the organizations. They satisfy their employees to provide different facilities. But nowadays work-life balance system is being practiced to satisfy their employees. Gregory Milner (2009) say that the Work life Balance is an important for employees. That is why the representative (Unions) of employees demands for such policies which maintain the work life balance for employees. It has been discussed that work-life balance influences employees performance and their satisfaction level. During of making policies for employees in developed countries, the work life balance is being paid specific attention (Gregory Milner, 2009). Scholarios Marks (2004) have studied that work life unbalance is considered as most important issue which has impact on the employees performance. Managing and maintaining work life balance increases employees performance and satisfaction. There has been choosing only two factors time management and absenteeism to examine the factors that influences work life balance. There may be other factors. For example, Worker easiness, satisfaction etc. This is because that I have observed my roommates doing in pharmaceutical company. They were in trouble due to work life unbalance. They told these factors. That is why I chose only these two factors. The objective of study is to explore that the work efficiency, absenteeism and time management can be made determinant factors for work life balance or not? This study will provide solutions to these problems which are created by not to be work life balance. There are three dependent and independent variables. Dependent variable is Work- Life Balance. Independent variables are Absenteeism and Time Management. Literature Review Work Life Balance According to Redmond, Valiulis Eileen Drew (2006) the work-life balance it may be different for different persons. The term used in the literature to refer to policies that attempts to achieve a greater complementarily and balance between work and home responsibilities. Beauregard Henry (2009) stated that numerous organizations are paying significant attention to provide work-life balance practices to facilitate their employees. Having work-life balance practices, they are attracting worker to themselves and are enhancing their employees performance. Promotion and improvement of work-life balance is the most hot issue which is presently being debated among governmental departments and all other persons and departments which have concerns to the employees (Fleetwood, 2007). White, Hill, McGovern, Mills, Smeaton, D (2003) have studied that Politicians and policymakers are exploring solutions. There are some new concepts which are related to employees, are emerging all over the world. One most new of them is Work-Life Balance. Greenblatt (2002) has studied that Achieving and maintaining employees work life balance has become a strategic part of many organizations. In perspective of global competition for personnel, some industries have attracted talented human resources to provide them the facility of work life balance. Attracting them, the industries are getting competitive advantages to compete their competitors (Greenblatt, 2002). There is a thing in which employer support influence on which it is out of work activities and responsibilities. The employer support influences the extent to which graduates cant balance between home and work. Due to unbalance between them, the graduates face conflict between home and work. It shows two things: positive and negative. (Struges Guest, 2004). Employees as well as the managers demand solutions to solve problems that create due to work-life unbalance practice. As a result, the work- life- balance has considered as a worldly serious topic in government and corporate meetings as well conferences. In next decades, work-life-balance would become the most debatable topic which will be managing by executives and human resources professionals (Bird, 2006). There are much discussion about work-life balance and family-friendly employment used to conduct among politicians and businessmen. Some workers do their work at home. Doing working at home, usually is not considered as an included within such these practices (Felstead, Jewson, Phizacklea Walters, 2002).It has been studied that work-life balance practices have significant impact to improve their job satisfaction level both for male and female. Due to having doubt in high level job satisfaction for gender gap, they dont want to explain it. These practices cause the getting benef its which increase the workers satisfaction level regarding to basic and salary perspective. There are several policies and rules and regulations by which the use of work-life balance practices are encouraged (Asadullah Fernandez, 2008). The most important issue is Work life balance. The organizations recognize this issue as a most important part of their strategy. The employees also consider it as a most important thing for themselves (Guest, 2002). The employer has an own view is that work-life balance makes people happy with their job. The employees are satisfied with it. Due to having work-life balance practice in organizations, they do their work and responsibilities very well. Using work-life balance, the employer can have support in recruiting and retaining of its staff. Work-life balance practices have m any benefits both for employers and employees (Manfredi Holliday 2004). It has been discussed, the organizations are urged to follow completely rules and regulations that are lay down from code of Corporate Social Responsibility. This concept of CSR considers it as a most important factor. Now organizations understand that WLB can have a most important role in enhancing employees performance and satisfaction. They can observe and then compare to previous figures the benefits of this practice, if the employers have practices of work-life balance (Welford, 2008). Absenteeism Traditionally definition of absence is non-appearance for scheduled work. It means not to be physically an employee in the workplace. Due to do working in virtual offices, the appropriate meaning of absence has become changed and has become difficult to understand absence (Kristensen et al., 2006). There are many factors which increase the expenses of establishment. One of them is absence with team production. The absence rate can be reduces through additional monitoring. But it is too much expensive. And it results in lower absence rate (Heywood Jirjahn, 2004). In spite of notifications from organizations to the employees due to be absence, the workers are not paying attention to minimize their absenteeism (Vardi Wiener, 1996). It has been discussed that increasing rate of absenteeism is a big problem not only in United State but also throughout the world. Making absence from class, the students miss a lot of instructions and learning materials which are delivered from their respected teachers. Figures show that absenteeism can cause the students truancy which leads later students to the young crime and law-breaking (Yepern Hagedoorn, 1996). Until few years, a lot number of economists not used to consider absenteeism as an important issue. But nowadays it has become as an important issue and it almost is discussed in every conference conducting on labors related problems (Frick Malo, 2008). Due to increasing rate of work absence in work place in many European states, the owners attention are attracting to this issue. In developed countri es, the maximum employees are protected by insurance companies and laws (Brostrà ¶m, Johansson Palme, 2004). The greatest factor among blue-collar employee which creates a trouble in the assembly lines is absenteeism. It has a negative impact on value and operations expenses (Mateo, 2008). It may be nature that worker demand some days of vacations. But the entrepreneur influences the vacations of worker. He can make more costly to take leaves for workers or he can make workers schedule very tight (Jaarsveld Yanadori, 2011). Lishchinsky Rosenblatt (2009) have taken results that there are four moral ideas. These are helpful climate, proper environment, inclination to behave badly and technical fairness. Helpful environment is related to absence period and others are related to absence frequency. Due to demand of absence policy from employees, the employees absence policies and procedures are being developed. They may make getting absenteeism easier for employees and may make most benefits for them (Dalton Perry, 1981). If absenteeism increase in high level in short term, it will lead to decreasing of employees performance in long term (Harrison, 1998). absenteeism leads to decreased performance in the Time Management Time management involves the process of determining needs, setting goals to achieve these needs, prioritizing and planning tasks required to achieve these goals (Lakein 1973). Claessens, Eerde, Rutte Roe (2005) stated that the importance of practice of time management is growing. Time management training is being conducted in competing organizations. Vasiliadou, Derri, Galanis Emmanouilidou (2009) have written that the usage of schedules and guidelines and the application of time and instruments play a most important role to increase the usage of session time. Organizations must have more interest in time because of it is a scarce resource and it involves the various resources of the Organization, if time wasnt managed, nothing else will be managed. And a good management of time is useful in providing the resources and the costs of the Organization (Alsarayreh , 2012). Time management is a good technique to check up more patients in less available time. This technique can be used by using centralized Data Stream Management System DSMS(Srivastava Widom ,2004). It has been studied that teachers abilities can be improved if different kind of time management trainings are provided to teachers. Studying in parallel manner affects the students ability and achieves. It would lead in more complete conclusions. He effect of the program on student achievement or on teacher (Vasiliadou, Derri, Galanis Emmanouilidiou , 2009). Clinical physicians are facing some major issues in todays wellbeing care atmosphere. One of them is lack of time management practice. Due to lack of time management practice, cost of some activities is increasing gradually (Kleshinski, Dunn Kleshinski, 2010). Time management, and its impact on performance and achievement, has been researched extensively over the last few decades. Many people believe that time management is the key to success in academics, business and many other aspects of life. However, previous research on time management has not produced consistent findings as to whether or not time management is imperative to academic success (Time Management). The use and understanding of time-based structures is an important component for good individual time management. Four properties of individual time management include planning, meeting deadlines, sensing a lack of time control and engaging in procrastination. Scott (2011). Anand (2007) 26 urged that if employees are skillful at a beginning stage then time management designs are implanted in them and they remain during their workplace lives. Methodology This study was conducted in pharmaceutical sector. That is why the population of this study is the worker of vision pharmaceutical company. The questions used in this study were an adaptation from different articles. Questions of work life balance used in desertion of Chaney (2007) which is written to fulfill the requirement for the degree of doctor of Education Alpha thornback reliability is 0.78. Questions of time management were used in thesis of Vander hall (1995) which was submitted in partial fulfillment of the re quitrent for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Alpha thornback reliability was 0.7. Absenteeism questions were used by Lishchinsky and Risenblatt (2008). Cronbachs Alpha Reliability is 0.75. In order to make this study, 150 questionnaires were floated in vision pharmaceutical company. 113 filled questionnaires are understood reasonable to make this study. A questionnaire which is used in this study consists of purpose of this study. There are two part in questioners. First consists of demographics: gender, age, education, marital status, family size and income level. In this part likert scale was used. Second part consists of 24 objects to measure Work-life balance, Absenteeism and Time Management. 5 items were used to measure Work-Life Balance, 11 were used to measure Absenteeism and 8 for Time Management. All the items were supported with 5 point Liker scale ranging from 1. Strongly Disagree to 5. Strongly Agree. Cranachs Alpha values of each variable are mentioned in table. Theoretical framework Absenteeism Work-Life Balance Independent Variable Time management Dependent Variable In order to check the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, two hypotheses were developed. H1: Workers high rate of absence causes work-life unbalance. H2: Time management practice will lead to work-life balance. Data Analysis Demographical analysis shows that out of sample of 113, 85 are men and 18 are women. Due to womens lack interest to do job in Pakistani culture; womens length is less than men. Most of them are between 36-45 years old. Most of them are those who got Intermediate education. There are two specific questions that were used in questionnaire. These questions have most impact on work life balance. These are about marital status and monthly income. Descriptive statistics is used to determine the main features of the collected data in quantitative terms. It is used to examine the central tendency of the data in terms of mean, median, mode and standard deviation. All the items used in the instrument (questionnaire), were based on 5-point Liker scale therefore, the mean values greater than 3.00 for all the three variables. (Work life balance, Absenteeism and Time Management are showing the significant positive trend. The correlation analysis is used to find out the strength of the relationship between several variables. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The regression analysis is used to determine the dependence of Work life balance upon the Independent variables i.e. Absenteeism and Time Management. The results showed that up to 0.49 of the variation in criterion variable (Work life balance) is explained by two of the predicting variables i.e. Absenteeism and Time Management. The values of coefficients of coefficients were found as 0.352 for absenteeism and 0.398 for time management. Hence, the results found that adjusted R Square of absenteeism is 0.116 and of time management is 0.151. Discussions and Findings Work life balance is a most important among employees. This is because that lack of work life balance practice causes the employees satisfaction. The main motive of this study was to check that what factors can determine the work life balance. Results show that all the selected elements affect the work life balance. The results of this study of employees of pharmaceutical company shows that if the employees absenteeism rate is less in company, work life balance can be achieved here. Time management practices determine the work life balance. Descriptive results shed light on the positive trend of each of the variables selected for the study. Time management also plays a major role. If a time management is being practiced in company, work life balance can be achieved here. Pharmaceutical sector is the most important sector in which time management practice can provide work life balance for employees. The research study has shown that most of the time management practitioners are influenced. Time management and Absenteeism are found having positive relationship. This study also validates this notion as if there is less absenteeism rate in company; work life balance can be attained in this company. Conclusion The research study has shown that independent variables that are Absenteeism and Time Management play a very important role in getting work life balance practices. Each independent variable influences dependent variable in this study. The human resources are the most important and most valuable assets in each and every organization. That is why the organizations want, try and struggle very well to make their workers satisfied. Satisfied employees would be able to make long term profitable relationship with company. This study was conducted to determine the factors that influence and have impact on work life balance. There are many factors available in this field that can be chose for this study. But only two factors were taken for this study. Due to having observation regarding to these two factors. The results show significant relation among independent and dependent variables. Time management has a positive and significant relation to work life balance. It means that if time management practices were being practiced in organization, then their employees can have work life balance practices. This practice will lead to enhance organizations performance. Similarly second independent variable is time management. It has positive impact on work life balance. It means that if absenteeism rate is high, it will lead to work life unbalance. It will create troubleness among employees work life balance. There is significant effect of absenteeism on work life balance. If there is high absenteeism rate in organizations, it will cause work life unbalance. The employees cannot manage their work life balance activities.

Pluto: A Planet? Essays -- essays research papers fc

Pluto: A Planet? Many issues have arisen from the debate whether or not Pluto is a planet. Some astronomers say that Pluto should be classified as a â€Å"minor planet† due to its size, physical characteristics, and other factors. On the other hand, some astronomers defend Pluto’s planet status, citing several key features. Indeed, most of the problem is that there is no formal definition of a planet. Furthermore, it is very difficult to invent one that would allow the solar system to contain all nine planets. I suggest that for an object to be classified as a planet, it must embody three characteristics. It must be in orbit around a star (thus removing the larger satellites from contention), it must be too small to generate heat by nuclear fusion (so dwarf stars are excluded) and it must be massive enough to have collapsed to a more or less spherical shape (which excludes comets, and most of the asteroids). These criteria would admit a few of the larger asteroids and probably some of the Kuiper belt objects as well, but adding a requirement for a planet to have a minimum diameter of 1,000 km would remove the larger asteroids from contention while retaining Pluto. Below are some brief reasons as to why Pluto may not be considered a planet with my rebuttal. Pluto is small compared to the other planets. Pluto is about half the size of the next smallest planet, Mercury. However, there is no scientific reason whatsoever to pick the size of Mercury as being the size of the smallest object to be called a planet. Mercury itself is less than half the size of Mars, and Mars is only about half the size of Earth or Venus. Earth and Venus are only about one-seventh the size of Jupiter. Why not pick one-tenth the size of Jupiter as the size of the smallest planet, if the cutoff is going to be chosen arbitrarily? In that case, Mars, Mercury and Pluto would all have to be classified as asteroids. If the size-cutoff between asteroids and planets is going to be randomly chosen, the cutoff value should be agreed upon in open debate among interested scientists. Pluto is smaller than 7 moons in the solar system. Pluto is smaller than Earth's Moon, Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, Saturn's moon Titan, and Neptune's moon Triton. On the other hand, Pluto is larger than the other 40 known moons in the solar system. There is no scientific reason to arbitrarily dis... ...Willem J. Luyten Science, New Series, Vol. 123, No. 3203. (May 18, 1956), pp. 896-897. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819560817%293%3A124%3A3216%3C322%3ATPP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L This site is very reliable. It is the Scholarly Journal Archive. 2. Letters The Planet Pluto Gerard P. Kuiper Science, New Series, Vol. 124, No. 3216. (Aug. 17, 1956), p. 322. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819560817%293%3A124%3A3216%3C322%3ATPP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L This site is very reliable. It is the Scholarly Journal Archive. 3. Research News Planetary Scientists are Seeing the Unseeable Richard A. Kerr Science, New Series, Vol. 235, No. 4784. (Jan. 2, 1987), pp. 29-31. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819870102%293%3A235%3A4784%3C29%3APSASTU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L This site is very reliable. It is the Scholarly Journal Archive. 4. This is a site about Pluto. http://dosxx.colorado.edu/plutohome.html It is reliable since it is a part of an established academic institution. 5. This is the NASA page for Pluto. http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/welcome/pluto.htm 6. Another site from NASA. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/pluto.html

Identify the important skills/techniques Essay

Identify the important skills/techniques and fitness components needed for participation in this position/role and explain why they are important.  Badminton has many vital skills, techniques and fitness components needed for participation in a singles match. First of all being that you must have good hand eye coordination. Which would enable various parts of the body to combine in producing a desired movement or sequence of movements. This occurs as a result of interaction between the body’s movement and its nervous system. The ability to produce co-ordinated movement is essential for successful performance in sporting skills. For example in badminton you need each part of your body to move in a particular way at a specific time to hit the shuttle cock back successfully and efficiently to where you want it. (Drop shot, Smash shot etc) Also another factor needed is balance. In many sports and games, the concept of balance relates to our ability to keep our center of mass over our support. An example is of a badminton player as he/she must be able to move in any direction in order to return an opponent’s shot and must therefore be in a balanced position to do so. Another important factor is agility. Which involves the performer to move in a controlled way and to change direction, turn, stop and start quickly again. As in badminton you have to be ‘quick-footed’. Which is the ability to adjust the position of the body quickly and in the correct way that is valuable to all participants in physical activities. You need agility in badminton to be able to adjust your body from one position to another in order to hit the shuttlecock. Another crucial factor is the speed of reaction. In order to be good at singles badminton you must have a good reaction time. Which is the time it takes for example to get to a shuttlecock and hit it back. Also movement time is necessary a good one. Which is the time taken between the initiation of a response and the completion of the movement. So it’s like the time taken between the badminton player deciding on the right place to on the court and his/her starting to move (initiation of the response) and making the movement to the place on the court and hitting the shuttle cock. (Completion of the movement). Also a good reaction time is needed to be good at badminton. Which is the total time between the initial stimulus, the response to it and the completion of that response to that. Which is the time taken to react to the shuttlecock on your side of the court and hit it back to the opposing side before it touches the floor. Timing is also needed for badminton in a singles match. It is the right to hit the shuttlecock. If you hit it to late you may be open to a smash shot. Timing can be influenced by internal mechanisms e.g. knowing where the shuttle is going to land. Timing is also knowing and responding to a game.  These are all equipment and court size the badminton court must be in order to be passed by the England badminton officials. Court size for singles – 44 feet long x 17 feet wide Shuttlecocks – Also known as birdies or birds. One type has feathers with a cork base, and the other is plastic with a rubber base. Rackets – Made of lightweight material like wood, plastic or metal. Court size for doubles – 44 feet long x 20 feet wide. Net height – 5 feet. The object of the badminton is to hit the shuttlecock back and forth over a net without permitting it to hit the floor in bounds on your side of the net.  Here are some general rules and terms for badminton:  1. A player may not touch the net with a racket or history body during play.  2. A shuttlecock may not come to rest or be carried on the racket.  3. A shuttlecock may hit the net on its way across during play and the rally can continue.  4. A term of service is called an inning.  5. A player may not reach over the net to hit the shuttlecock. 6. A loss of serve is called a side out.  7. In class games will be played to 15 points and a match is 2 out of 3 games.  8. Some types of shots are the lob, drop shot, smash and drive.  Here are some rules of serving in badminton:  1. A coin toss or spin of the racket determines who will serve first.  2. The serve must travel diagonally (cross court) to be good.  3. A serve that touches the net and lands in the proper court is called a let serve and is reserved, otherwise, only one serve is permitted to each court until a side out occurs. A serve that is totally missed may be tried again. 4. The racket must make contact with the birdie below the waist on a serve.  5. The server and receiver shall stand within their respective service courts until the serve is made  Section 2: Identify and describe in detail the strength of the player/participant and the effects these have on performance.   I am particularly good at doubles matches. My strengths are that I have good hand eye coordination so I can predict where the opponent is going to hit the shuttlecock back at my side of the court. The ectomorph is the best build in order to play badminton, which I am closest to out the 3 builds. I also have good agility so I can move in a controlled way to change direction, turn, stop and start again quickly. I can be seen as quick footed. Meaning I can move my whole body with freedom an with ease. I perform the important skills such as drop shot (forehand), overhand clear (forehand) and smash (forehand) and also net shots (forehand and backhand) to a reasonablely good standard. I am good with supporting other performers, in a doubles match, as I know the footwork in order to help the other performer. E.g. if the opponent in a doubles match hits the shuttlecock to the back of the court an my partner hits it I would be at the front making sure no drop shots would be able to win them there point. So I see myself as more of a defensive player making sure I am always in the opposite place to my partner. E.g. if he’s at the front I would be at the back and vice versa. I move well around the court in order to hit the shuttlecock back to my opponent as I am ‘ light footed’ and as I am agile. My body position for when I hit the shuttlecock is accurate as when it is hit I rotate my hips a bit. My timing for hitting the shuttlecock is good as most of the time I hit the shuttlecock an do not miss it. I am mostly consistent at hitting the shuttlecock back. In order to play the game well you must have appropriate fitness levels for stamina and speed. In order to get to the shuttlecock quickly and constantly without getting tired. Section3: Identify and describe in detail the weakness of the player/participant and the affects these have on performance.  I show some weakness in attacking in badminton when smashing the shuttlecock to the opponent to the back of the court it sometimes goes out of bounds. I show a limited amount of tactical awareness. As I am aware for where to go as the opponent hits the shuttlecock back. But don’t always go to where is needed in order to hit the shuttlecock back in a way that the opponent can’t smash it. The movement around the court is fine not clumsy or slow but may sometimes not be fast enough. I am sure that my footwork is fine as well as my arm action as hitting the shuttlecock and my body position is fine in order to hit the shuttlecock. I only play with my right hand as I am not as coordinated with my left hand and may miss the shuttlecock. My timing for when to hit the shuttlecock is good as I most of the time manage to hit it. My work rate in order to play badminton is ok, as effort is low. The fit components of mine including stamina and speed are reasonablely good.

Electron Configuration Chart

Electron Configuration Chart The electron configuration  of an atom of any element is the of electrons per  sublevel of the energy levels of an atom in its ground state.  This handy chart compiles the electron configurations of the elements up through number 104. How to Determine Electron Configuration To arrive at the electron configurations of atoms, you must know the order in which the different sublevels are filled. Electrons enter available sublevels in order of their increasing energy. A sublevel is filled or half-filled before the next sublevel is entered. For example, the  s  sublevel can only hold two electrons, so the 1s  is filled at helium (1s2). The  p  sublevel can hold six electrons, the  d  sublevel can hold 10 electrons, and the  f  sublevel can hold 14 electrons. The common shorthand notation is to refer to the noble gas core, rather than write out the entire configuration. For example, the configuration of magnesium could be written [Ne]3s2, rather than writing out 1s22s22p63s2. Electron Configuration Chart No. Element K L M N O P Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s s p s p d s p d f s p d f s p d f s 1 H 1 2 He 2 3 Li 2 1 4 Be 2 2 5 B 2 2 1 6 C 2 2 2 7 N 2 2 3 8 O 2 2 4 9 F 2 2 5 10 Ne 2 2 6 11 Na 2 2 6 1 12 Mg 2 2 6 2 13 Al 2 2 6 2 1 14 Si 2 2 6 2 2 15 P 2 2 6 2 3 16 S 2 2 6 2 4 17 Cl 2 2 6 2 5 18 Ar 2 2 6 2 6 19 K 2 2 6 2 6 - 1 20 Ca 2 2 6 2 6 - 2 21 Sc 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 22 Ti 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 23 V 2 2 6 2 6 3 2 24 Cr 2 2 6 2 6 5* 1 25 Mn 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 26 Fe 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 27 Co 2 2 6 2 6 7 2 28 Ni 2 2 6 2 6 8 2 29 Cu 2 2 6 2 6 10 1* 30 Zn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 31 Ga 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1 32 Ge 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 33 As 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 3 34 Se 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4 35 Br 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 36 Kr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 37 Rb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 - 1 38 Sr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 - 2 39 Y 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 40 Zr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2 41 Nb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 4* 1 42 Mo 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1 43 Tc 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 6 1 44 Ru 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7 1 45 Rh 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8 1 46 Pd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 0* 47 Ag 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 48 Cd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 49 In 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 1 50 Sn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 51 Sb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 3 52 Te 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 4 53 I 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5 54 Xe 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 55 Cs 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 - - 1 56 Ba 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 - - 2 57 La 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 - 2 6 1 - 2 58 Ce 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2* 2 6 - - 2 59 Pr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 3 2 6 - - 2 60 Nd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 4 2 6 - - 2 61 Pm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 - - 2 62 Sm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 - - 2 63 Eu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 - - 2 64 Gd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 - 2 65 Tb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9* 2 6 - - 2 66 Dy 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6 - - 2 67 Ho 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6 - - 2 68 Er 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6 - - 2 69 Tm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6 - - 2 70 Yb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 - - 2 71 Lu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 - 2 72 Hf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 - 2 73 Ta 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3 - 2 74 W 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4 - 2 75 Re 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5 - 2 76 Os 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 - 2 77 Ir 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 - 2 78 Pt 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9 - 1 79 Au 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 1 80 Hg 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 81 Tl 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 1 - - 82 Pb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 2 - - 83 Bi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 3 - - 84 Po 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 4 - - 85 At 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 5 - - 86 Rn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 87 Fr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 1 88 Ra 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 2 89 Ac 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 1 - 2 90 Th 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 2 - 2 91 Pa 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2* 2 6 1 - 2 92 U 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 - 2 93 Np 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2 6 1 - 2 94 Pu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 - - 2 95 Am 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 - - 2 96 Cm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 - 2 97 Bk 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 9* 2 6 - - 2 98 Cf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 10 2 6 - - 2 99 Es 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 11 2 6 - - 2 100 Fm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 12 2 6 - - 2 101 Md 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 13 2 6 - - 2 102 No 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 - - 2 103 Lr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 - 2 104 Rf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 - 2 * note the irregularity You may also view the electron configurations of the elements on a printable periodic table  if desired.

Antidepressants Are over Prescribed Essay Example

Antidepressants Are over Prescribed Essay Example Antidepressants Are over Prescribed Essay Antidepressants Are over Prescribed Essay Antidepressants are overprescribed Mitrea (2007) defines antidepressants as an agent or a drug that is most commonly used to prevent or treat depression. However, in today’s society it could be said that antidepressants are being over prescribed and are being used to treat a vast range of other conditions, as well as clinical depression. When the first antidepressant was developed, manufacturers were reluctant to put it on the market due to the extremely low number of people suffering from depression. Now, antidepressant drugs have a very dominant place in the drug market, with studies showing that they are now one of the most widely prescribed categories of drugs (Mark 2010). There could be a number of reasons for this increase in antidepressant prescriptions; more people in today’s society could be suffering from depression, or the drugs could indeed be being over prescribed by doctors. This essay will aim to critically discuss whether antidepressants are being over prescribed or perhaps under prescribed, and if the diagnosis for depression needs to be reviewed in order to prescribe antidepressants more appropriately. Various studies have been carried out that aim to show that the proportion of antidepressants being prescribed without a psychiatric diagnosis is growing, concluding that antidepressant drugs are being overprescribed. Research by Mojtabai Olfson (2011) found that the increase over the years has come from prescriptions written by non-psychiatrist providers, for patients who do not have a psychiatric or mental health diagnosis. Antidepressants are not being prescribed solely for depression; they are also used to treat chronic pain, anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and even eating disorders (Parker 2005). The symptoms for depression are a depressed mood, taking less pleasure in life, lack of energy, changes in appetite, restless habits, feeling worthless and guilty, and suicidal thoughts (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000), but even with these parameters, it can still be difficult to distinguish severe depression from natural periods of feeling â€Å"down. Mojtabai Olfson (2011) reviewed a national sample of office based physician visits over a one week period. They compared visits that involved the prescription of antidepressants with no psychiatric diagnosis with visits that involved the prescription of antidepressants with a psychiatric diagnosis. The findings showed that in the general medicine practice, the use of antidepressants was more dominant among people wi th mental health conditions that were considered less severe and that were poorly defined (John Hopkins University Blomberg School of Public Health 2011). To the extent that antidepressants are being prescribed for uses not supported by clinical evidence, it may be beneficial to improve provider’s prescribing practices, review drug formularies, or pursue interventions that will increase and encourage communication between primary carers and mental health specialists. The rising number of antidepressant prescriptions raises questions not only about over prescription but also about misdiagnoses. It could be fair to say that doctors are too quick to hand out prescriptions for any emotional problem. The rise in prescriptions could be down to patients being diagnosed with depression when they are in fact suffering from different health issues. Researchers have been investigating whether people who have been told they are suffering from depression actually have undiagnosed hypothyroidism (Garber 2006). Hypothyroidism is a disease in which the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormone (Andrews 2010). The symptoms of this disease can mimic the symptoms of depression, and it could be possible that the growth in antidepressant prescribing is going to the community of undiagnosed thyroid patients. It is fair to ask why doctors tend to hand out a prescription for an antidepressant rather than run thyroid tests. The answer to this is most likely to do with time and money. It is much quicker for doctors to write a prescription for an antidepressant drug than to question patients about their health history (Shomon 2011). Macdonald et al. (2009) suggest that the current levels of antidepressant prescribing needs to be assessed. In this study, which gave an insight into General Practitioners (GPs) perspectives on the rise of antidepressant prescriptions, it was evident that many GPs believed that unhappiness, exacerbated by social deprivation and the breakdown of traditional social structures, was being ‘medicalised’ inappropriately (Macdonald et al. 2009). However, participation in this study was voluntary so it is very likely that GPs who were interested in mental health and comfortable with their own prescribing practice would be more likely to take part, thus raising the question; are antidepressants really overprescribed? Despite the increasing number of studies on the over prescription of antidepressants some support this rise in antidepressant use, arguing that it is better to diagnose depression too often and too little (Barber 2008). Research has also been conducted not on over prescription, but in fact under prescription of antidepressants. These researchers are challenging the wide-spread assumption that doctors are handing out antidepressants too often, and suggest that they are in fact being underused instead of overused. In contrast to the study by Macdonald et al. (2009), Cameron et al. (2009) challenged the hypothesis that GPs prescribe antidepressants to patients who are unlikely to require them. The findings suggest that the recent accounts of the overuse of antidepressants are unwarranted. The prescribing of antidepressants to those patients who were not symptomatic was accounted for by relapse prevention, and for the ongoing successful treatment of previously identified depression. Among the patients with probable depression, half did not have their symptomatic status identified and were not offered any treatment for depression, suggesting that GPs may under prescribe, rather than over prescribe antidepressants (Cameron et al. 2009) The increasingly common belief that antidepressants are being over prescribed is mainly down to the fact that the number of antidepressant prescriptions has significantly risen over the last few years. However, when researchers looked more closely at antidepressant prescribing activity, they found an altogether different situation, which showed that only a very small number of patients were being given such drugs without reason (Reid 2009). The main aim of the study was to investigate whether patients who did not meet the criteria laid out in the national guidelines were unnecessarily being prescribed antidepressants, which are also often used to treat pain. The findings showed that only 3 out of a total of 897 patients who took part in the study were being given an antidepressant drug unnecessarily. Many patients who met the criteria in the national guidelines and qualified for treatment with antidepressants were not being given them, which adds to the assumption that GPs are significantly under diagnosing the condition of depression. According to Reid (2011), the assumption that antidepressants are being over-prescribed is being fuelled by the way in which statistics are currently being used to analyze the situation. He says that the numbers are only based on the volume of prescriptions and do not provide any information on differences in the dose or the duration of therapy. Currently, the statistics measure the number of prescriptions being handed out for antidepressant drugs. Critically, they don’t give any indication of how many people are actually taking the drugs. If the doses of antidepressants increased, or the duration of the treatment was extended, there would be an increase of the prescription statistic without any change in the number of people being treated (Reid 2011). The arguments about the over and under prescribing of antidepressants raises an important question; Are antidepressants really effective at treating depression and should they even be prescribed at all? Studies suggest that the popular antidepressant drugs are no more effective that an placebo. Kirsch (1998) investigated this claim by comparing the improvement in patients taking antidepressants with the improvement in those taking placebo pills and found that the difference was minuscule. Patients on a placebo improved about 75% as much as those on actual antidepressants (Begley Kliff 2010). From these findings it is evident that three quarters of the benefit from antidepressants seems to be a placebo effect. It can be argued that these publications that claim that antidepressants don’t work any better than a placebo are a highly misleading interpretation of evidence that shows that antidepressants do work, even in less severely depressed patients, with the long term benefits of the drugs showing an even stronger effect (Melander et al. 008). Geddes et al. (2003) states that the ability of antidepressants to prevent further episodes of depression is one of the strongest findings in the whole of medicine. Placebo does have an impact on mood when used in clinical trials, but the effect is much less than that of antidepressants. Moreover, if the effects of antidepressants are compared with those of no treatment, as is sometimes done for psychotherapy trials, then the effects of drug treatments are as big as those of talking therapies (Nutt Sharpe 2008). Most GPs agree with the claim that antidepressant prescriptions are indeed being overprescribed without a proper diagnosis, and studies suggest that prescribing behaviour needs to change in order to reduce this rising level of prescribing (Macdonald et al. 2009). However, as far as overprescribing, it is not fair to say that it is occurring as a blanket statement. There is evidence to suggest that antidepressants are not prescribed nearly enough and that depression is significantly under diagnosed, meaning that patients who should be treated with antidepressants are not being offered them. There is no definitive answer to whether or not antidepressants are under or over prescribed, but it fair to suggest that the national guidelines for the treatment and diagnosis of depression needs to be reviewed, and doctors need to be educated in distinguishing severe depression from natural periods of sadness and perhaps start providing alternatives to prescribing antidepressants such as counselling to address the main problems of depression rather than masking the symptoms. As far as antidepressants being effective, it is clear that the drugs have been very beneficial to millions of people (Begley Kliff 2008). However, antidepressant drugs are perhaps not necessarily the best choice of treatment. Psychotherapy, for instance, works for moderate, sever, and even very severe depression. It would be beneficial for further research to be conducted to determine if antidepressants are being prescribed for a misdiagnosis of depression or if GPs are missing cases of depression and therefore not prescribing antidepressant drugs enough. References American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised 4th edition) Washington DC: Author Andrews, L. W. (2010) Encyclopaedia of Depression (Volume 1) USA: ABC-CLIO, LLC Begley, S. Kliff, S. (2010) The depressing news about antidepressants Newsweek Vol. 155, No. 6, pp 34-41 Barber, C. (2008) Comfortably Numb: How psychiatry is medicating a nation New York: Vintage Books Cameron, I. M. , Lawton, K. , Reid, I. C. (2009) Appropriateness of antidepressant prescribing: An observational study in a primary-care setting. British journal of General Practice 59: 644-649 Garber, J. R. (2006) Clinical Update: Managing the challenges of hypothyroidism Journal of Family Practice Vol. 55, No. 66, pp 51-8 Geddes, J Carney, S, Davies, C Furukawa, T Kupfer, T, Frank, E. Goodwin G (2003) Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. The Lancet 361(9358): 653? 661 John Hopkins University Blomberg School of Public Health (2011) Prescriptions for antidepressants increasing among individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis, US study finds. Science Daily Retrieved October 19th 2011 from sciencedaily. com/releases/2011/08/110805135808. htm Macdonald, S. , Morrison, J. , Maxwell, M. , Munoz-Arroyo, R. , Power, A. , Smith, M. , Sutton, M. , Wilson, P. (2009) ‘A coal face option’: GP’s perspectives on the rise in antidepressant prescribing British journal of General Practice Vol. 59, No. 566, pp. e299- e307 (9) Mark, T. L. (2010) For what diagnosis are psychotropic medications being prescribed? : A nationally representative survey of psysicians CNS Drugs 24(4): 319-326 Melander et al (2008) A regulatory apologia ? a review of placebo? controlled studies in regulatory submissions of new? generation antidepressants. European Neuropsychopharmacology 18: 623? 627 Mitrea, L. S. , (2007) Natural Medicone Mosiac, Volume 1. Canada: Natural Medicne Books Mojtabai, R. Olfson, M. (2011) Proportion of antidepressants prescribed without a psychiatric diagnosis is growing Health Affairs, 30(8) Nutt DJ and Sharpe M (2008) Uncritical positive regard? Issues in the safety and efficacy of psychotherapy. Journal of Psychopharmacology 22: 3? 6 Parker, G. (2005) Beyond major depression Psychol Med 35: 467-72 Reid, I. (2009) Antidepressants are under – not over – prescribed British Journal of General Practice Shomon, M. (2011) More antidepressants being prescribed without a psychiatric diagnosis: Are undiagnosed thyroid problems a key cause? Retrieved on October 20th from http://thyroid. about. com/b/2011/08/15/antidepressants-thyroid-depression-shames. htm

Case Scenario 2 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scenario 2 - Case Study Example Although there is an excellent set of guidelines, they are somewhat dry and by themselves do not convey the urgency and relevance that they should, (Bailey& Burch, 2005). As a professional behavioural analyst, the codes of conduct prescribe a confidentiality clause that calls for the adherence to strict rules and regulations when it comes to revealing information about patients to third parties. Although this is the case, it is important on the other hand to keep records of the success stories of the well treated and recovered patients such as the one the former student asks. He treated a patient and he can be noted as one of the success stories in his career as the dilemma of data disclosure creeps in.Bailey & Burch, (2005) are of the opinion that it is inhumane for a professional to misuse and maltreat a patient who is not aware of his rights and privileges and hence cannot speak up as in this case, the parameters of the situation being the client whose guardian is portrayed as too hectic to be disturbed with matters that involve the disclosure agreements of the successful patient treated with aggressive behavior issues.The former behaviour analyst student, now in the professional field has faces a dilemma in the disclosure agreements that were not mention when the treatment began in the approvals signed. The Basis of the Conflict There is conflicting interests and unclear standards as the practisingbehaviour analyst is torn between the interests of the client as well as the interests of his career advancement in the publication of his success story of the patient involved. This conflict of interest of the two parties is based on the assumption that the guardian is too busy to be disturbed on signing the relevant documents that can be drafted to allow the professional to use data from the successful treatment of the patient in a publication. There are high chances that the guardian will not be able to read such a publication but on the other hand runs the ris k that the case might generate so much public interest that the guardian will be forced to spare some time and get to know the contents of the publication. It is also eating the conscience of the former student that he might be breaching professional ethical conduct in releasing the data to the public bearing in mind that there was no disclosure agreement signed prior to the treatment as well as there was no intention to use the data for such purposes. Available options At this point, the former student has the option of going ahead to use the data without the consent of the client and in case the publication generates a heated debate and the disclosure agreements come under scrutiny, he should be ready to face the consequences of his actions. On the other hand, the publication could be a basis to elevate his career and gain more clients. He also has the option of tracking down the guardian and sweet talk him to create time to draft and sign the necessary disclosure agreements befor e the publication is done. This will avoid the legal tussles that may ensure if the client finds his rights violated while on the other hand it is a long and tedious process that will involve costs to the lawyers. He also has the option of letting go of the publication but as well include the necessary disclosure documentation in any other treatment of the next patients. This will ensure that any other conflicts of interests will not arise. Best Course of Action and Outcome The best

Regional Attitudes and American Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Regional Attitudes and American Identity - Essay Example I actually agree with the findings in the article regarding this matter. The issue behind this is that the regional attitudes found in this region being related to what the American identity is. There are two interesting things that caught my attention regarding this matter. First, it might be interesting to note that the idea of the American identity in the southern states is actually very exclusive to culture of the earliest settlers of this area of the United States, specifically the settlers originating from Great Britain and those from Northern Europe. Any other cultural diversity from this would be viewed as an outsider and would not be completely or comfortably integrated. The second interesting fact is that southern states are not aware that the United States is actually composed of different ethnic groups that share land with but have different cultures. It is sad a note that the tendency for white supremacist thinking tends to swing towards discrimination and